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Industrial Manufacture of Sodium CarbonateIndustrial Manufacture of Sodium Carbonate
Introduction
On industrial scale the sodium
carbonate or soda ash (Na2Co3)
is
prepared by Solvay’s process and is was developed by the Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay (complete name
is Ernest
Gaston Joseph Solvay)
during 1860s.
Explanation
In 2005 the amount of soda
ash was 42 billion kilograms about where three fourth of which was prepared by
Solvay’s process and he remaining amount was mined overt (directly).
Raw materials for Solvay’s
process
this is very successful method because it is very simple and utilizes cheap raw
material such as concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl (brine), lime stone or
calcium chloride and .the ammonia gas etc.
This process is minimized by one reaction that is
2NaCl
(aq) +
CaCO3 (aq) è Na2Co3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)
Preparation
In Solvay’s process for the
soda ash preparation different steps are involved and is as follow
1 . Ammonia Absorber
when ammonia gas is
dissolved in concentrated NaCl solution (brine) a mixture known as ammonical
brine is obtained. This ammonical brine is then taken to ammonia absorber
tower. Where ammonia gas and carbon dioxide react to form ammonium carbonate
which then reacts with brine to form precipitate sodium bicarbonate and
ammonium chloride where only sodium bicarbonate is very useful. Such reaction
is as follow.
NH3 +
H2O + CO2 è NH4HCO3
Now this ammonium carbonate
reacts with brine to form precipitates like sodium bicarbonate and ammonium
chloride. That is
NH4HCO3 + NaCl è NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
2 . Carbonating Tower or Solvay’s
tower
In
this tower more carbon dioxide is passed through ammonical brine. This tower
contains iron plates having small pores in the center and helps to prepare
sodium bicarbonate. Such as
NH3 +
H2O + CO2 è NH4HCO3
Now this ammonium carbonate
will further reacts with brine to form precipitates like sodium bicarbonate and
ammonium chloride. That is
NH4HCO3 + NaCl è NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
3 . Vacuum filter (CALCINER)
Due to exothermic nature
of above reactions solubility of sodium bicarbonates increases to count this
effects. Lower part of Solvay’s tower is cooled and precipitates of sodium
bicarbonates are separated by vacuum filtration and washed to remove ammonia salts.
Finally the sodium bicarbonate is dried and heated in a furnace called CALCINER to give anhydrous sodium
carbonate or soda ash or sodium carbonate. Such a reaction is as follow
4 . Kiln
Here calcium carbonate is
decompose by heating to form the carbon dioxide and calcium oxide. Such
reaction of this step is as follow.
CaCO3 Heat è CaO
+ CO2
now this formed CaO is then
treated with water to form Ca (OH) 2
(lime
stone). That is CaO + H2O è Ca (OH) 2
5 . Ammonia recovery tower
This Calcium hydroxide
(lime stone) is produce in last step is then treated with ammonium chloride
solution which is produced in carbonating tower to recover ammonia in this
tower. Such reaction of this step is as follow.
2NH4Cl + Ca
(OH) 2 è CaCl2 +
2NH3 + 2H2O
Importance of Soda ash
It is almost use in every
part of our life that’s why has a lot of importance. The following importance
due to usage is as follow;
1 .Due to high solubility it is used in many
industrial chemical reactions.
2 . It is also use in the household
detergents and also in medicines etc.
3 . It acts to reduce the acid content of
power plant emissions.
4 .
It is an important component of glass, and is
used to reduce the melting point of silica.
5 . It is used to remove sulfurs and
phosphates from some ferrous and non-ferrous ores etc.
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30 January 2015
Industrial Manufacture of Sodium Carbonate
29 January 2015
A Tear Anatomy
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Proteins & its Classification
 |
| What is Proteins? |
Amino acids
The organic compounds containing carboxyl group, alkyl group and at least one amino group are called amino acids. These amino acids when combine or reacts then a bigger molecule is formed and water is removed during this reaction. General formula of amino acids is R – CH – NH2 – COOH.
Peptide bond or Peptide linkage
When the OH hydroxyl group of carboxyl group of one amino acid and H hydrogen of amino group of other amino acids are removed in the form of water then the bond that joins two amino acids is called peptide bond or linkage. And a protein formed when thousands of amino acids are joined together through peptide bonds. Proteins are giant ( big ) molecules so to reduce the occupied space they form a folded structure.
Proteins
The word protein has been derived from the Greek language Proteios Or Pro which means first or primary and Teins means Body.
So, proteins are primary to our body and all living organism. The proteins are giant bio organic compounds which are
Composed of joining the amino acids thus it is defined as
"Any class of nitrogenous organic compounds
which are combination of thousands of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components like hair, nails, cartilage and enzymes etc. is called proteins." Hence the proteins are the combination of amino acids which joined together through peptide bond.
Amino acids in proteins
Hundreds of amino acids are possible in protein but only 20 amino acids are found in the proteins of our body where 10 amino acids are synthesized by our body called non - essential amino acids and the remaining 10 cannot be synthesized by our body which is called essential amino acids.
Importance of Proteins
The importance of proteins is as follow
- Proteins in the form of skin, hair, cartilage and muscles protect and provide the structure to the multi cellular organism.
- Proteins are important to us in the form of enzymes, harmones, antibodies and globulins.
- The proteins are important to us as proteins catalyse, regulate and protect the body chemistry.
- Proteins in the form of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various lipoproteins transport oxygen and other
- Substances in our body.
- Protein is also important for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women.
Hydrolysis of Proteins
The word hydro means water and lysis means break down. Thus hydrolysis of
Proteins means break down of proteins by water. Hence on hydrolysis a protein yield or produces amino acids which helps in rebuilding of body proteins.
Structure of proteins
Proteins are very large molecules thus the proteins have achieved a unique
Three-dimensional shape. As proteins are so large bio organic compounds so in order to reduce their occupied spaces proteins have formed folded structure due to Hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups in neighbouring regions of the protein chain.
Sources of Proteins
Proteins make the basic stuff of not only human but also of other animals and to some
Extend of plants. So, both animals and plants are the source of proteins such as
- 50% dry mass of animals is made up of proteins. Such as nails etc.
- Plants prepare proteins by themselves simply from elements like C, H, O and N.
- Animals prepare proteins by eating plants (eating amino acids in their foods).
- We can also obtained proteins by eating meat, eggs, beans fruits and pulses etc.
- The dry fruits and seeds are also the source of proteins for us.
Types of Functional group in amino acid
Amino acids are actually such organic compounds in which two types of functional groups are present. One functional group is Amino group (NH2) and the second functional group is Carboxyl group (COOH).
Functions of Proteins
The Proteins perform a variety of functions in our body. Some of them is as follow
- The proteins constitute the main stuff of our body and almost proteins are present in every tissue of our body.
- The proteins serve as the carrier to carry many substances from part to another part in our body.
- As a catalyst these proteins catalyze reactions in our body. And with proteins our will stop all functions.
- The proteins also serve as a harmones and thus run the tissue systems well in our body.
- The proteins are also used in many fields other than foods. Such as leather which is also a proteins is used in making of shoes, cloths and sports items. Etc.
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28 January 2015
What's Going When Sodium Explodes in Water
 |
| What's Going When Sodium Explodes in Water |
Every chemistry student considers the explosion as a good
fun. Very recently, the scientists have
captured that What is going When Sodium Explodes in Water (H2O) using the high
quality and advanced cameras and got a very beautiful and astonished results.
When the Water and the sodium meets then the Sodium Controts into the Sea
Urchin like Shape and then the reaction starts easily.
As the Alkali Metals are very reactive, and Sodium is Alkali
metal and is so reactive and Sodium is in Solid state at Normal room
temperature and the Sodium is very common and popular in NaCl or table salt.
And Sodium is stable here because Sodium makes bond with the Cl or Chloride.
The Alkali Metals are having a very interesting feature that when these alkali
metals comes in contact with water then these elements Erupt Furiously. And
start interacting with the Water to form Hydrogen Gas and also other products.
This reaction also Generates or produce the heats, where this heat melts the
Sodium And it start Ignites Because of the reason that the Hydrogen gas is
Flammable.
The Scientists are using the liquid mixture of Sodium with
another alkali metal like Potassium and the Scientists can Drip it slowly in
the water in the drops of uniform Shape and the uniform Size. During this
reaction, The Scientists set up the High advanced cameras to capture that Whats
going during reaction at Thousands of the Frames per Second. These High
advanced Cameras captured the Scene which we have never ever seen. And the New Scientists of today has reported
that On the Nature Chemistry, the Spikes are seen, and they have deduced that,
just because of the reason that Whenever the electrons Flee the Metal For the
Water. Then the Intense +ve (Positive) Charged is build there and then the
Mutual Repulsion of these +ve Charges Rips apart of the Metal and after this,
it Blasts Outward in a very small Needles. And this blasts will Increase the
Area (Surface area) of the Sodium (Na) in contacting with the water and
producing the strange reaction and the scientists have confirmed the effects of
this reaction.
The Most astonishing thing us that we have never seen this
effect before. The explanation of this reaction will be very useful for the
prevention of explosions in Industrial Applications and uses that is using the
Alkali Metals in Certain Nuclear Reactors and it is very interesting with
playing such explosion.
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27 January 2015
Copper Metallurgical Operation
 |
| Copper Metallurgical Operation |
Mineral
the form of soil or rocks
which contains different compounds of metals are called minerals.
Ores
Minerals which contains
sufficient quantity of metals are called ores. These minerals are consider to
be able for mining commercially to extract one or more metal. It is the raw
mineral which is found in earth crust where special metals are extracted. Such
as ores of copper is: chalcopyrite, bronite, covellite, chalcocite, azurite,
malachite and cuprite etc.
Metallurgy or metallurgical operations
The process or operation in which a metal is extracted from its ore is called
metallurgy or metallurgical operation. It is the study of structure and
properties of metals with special reference to their extraction from the
ground. The procedure of refining, alloying and making things form metals. And
there is no common process available for al metals extraction because all
metals are not same they are having different chemical and physical properties.
Thus each metal requires its own technique for separation and purification from
its own ores. The following metallurgical operation common for all metals are
as follow
Grinding and Crushing of ore (pulverization)
Crushing
the process of breaking
rocks and larger stones into smaller stones are called crushing.
Grinding
The smaller stones are
then ground into powder form is called grinding.
Concentration of ore
The grinded
ores are then concentrated by removing the major impurities present in this ore. This step is
called concentration. And the ores of different metals are extracted on
different ways.
Extraction of metal from oxide ore
the ores of metals are usually in the form of
oxides. Thus different techniques are used to separate different metals from
their ores.
Refining of crude metal
the process of refining
the crude metal is called refining. Crude metal is refined by various methods
which depends upon both physical and chemical properties. Such as distillation,
electrolytic refining and chromatography etc.
Metallurgy of copper or copper metallurgical operation
Copper is an important element or metal and has many usage in our daily
where it is used almost as electrical instrument due to an excellent conductor
of electricity and highly resistant to corrosion. Therefore almost in every
electrical instrument is made of copper. It is also used in utensils (barthan)
and alloys etc. such as brass and bronz are made of copper. The earth crust
contains 0.007% copper but remember that the earth concentration is not uniform
everywhere. There are many ores of
copper but copper is separated from its sulphide ore. The first step is to
concentrate the ore in copper content which is done by crushing the ore to
increase the surface are of the ore for subsequent process. And the second step
is extraction of pure copper from the concentrate. Such are as follow
1 . Concentration of the ore
The ores of copper are usually low grade and should be concentrated first to
make it economically useful. The methods used for concentration of copper is
forth (jhag) flotation process.
Forth flotation process
this process involves the
mixing of low grade ore with oils and water then hot air is introduced from the
bottom. The copper ore as it is lighter than the waste material sticks to the
forth and floats on water surface where the heavier impurities go to bottom and
settle down there and removed as waster. After the process of concentration the
copper sulphide ore contains 40% of copper which is termed as concentrate of
copper or concentrate.
Extraction of pure copper from concentrate
The other impurity like FeS are separated by treating it with SO2 at 1200°C.such as
Impurities
The impurities or slag floats on surface of the molten matte. Matte is the molten mixture of Cu2S and Fe+2S which contains 70% copper which is called copper matte. When air is blown through this molten copper matte at high temperature then the following reactions take place. Such as
The metallic copper is obtained in above reaction is 98% pure which is termed as blister copper because blister is formed due to evolution of SO2.
Refining of blister or electric refining of blister
Blister
copper is further purifies by electrolytic process therefore this process is
also called electro refining of blister. For this type of special type of
electrolytic cell are used. In these cells, the plates of impure copper
(blister copper) is as used as anode and the plate of pure copper is used as cathode.
This electrolytic cell is consists of an aqueous solution of 3 – 4 % of copper
sulfate and 10 – 16 % of sulphuric acid. A potential of only 0.2 to 0.4 is also
required to start this process. When current is passed through this solution
the plates of impure blister copper dissolves in solution gradually forming
Copper ion Cu+2 which
moves toward cathode where they gain electrons and deposits itself in atomic
form as metal of copper and making cathode as thicker because from anode all
electrons come to cathode or anode deposits it to cathode and as result cathode
gets thicker and anode gets thinner and thinner and anode become less in size
while cathode become large in size.
.
The following reaction that occurs are as follow
The following reaction that occurs are as follow
1 . At anode Oxidation takes place
Cu
è Cu+2 + 2e
2 . At cathode reduction takes place
Cu+2 + 2e
è Cu
After
electric refining the copper obtained is 99.9% is pure and can be used now in
any installation comfortably. Such a flow chart is as
follow
Mining è Concentration è Extraction è Chemical process è Electrolytic
refining è Pure copper
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26 January 2015
8 Genes that Make You Brainiacs
 |
| 8 Genes that Make You Brainiacs
The Animal Kingdom is only known and popular for the big and
sharp brains. But the matter is that all the brains aren’t created and made
equal. That’s why different people have different ideas and thoughts. And now (Onllogy)
has brought the clues for that why all people have not equal brains.
From the results of the collaboration of Enhancing Neuro
Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis [ENIGMA] , which is consisting of 300
Scientists, selected from 33 different countries. And these scientists have
Contributed in the MRI Scans of 30,000+ People in the world along with their
Genetic information.
These scientists have declared that they were surprised because
they we found anything at all. They have also said that at the end they identified the hot points in Genome
which helps in the building of the brain.
Some of these scientists have also looked in for the single
letter of nucleotide base change of Deoxyribose Nucleic acid [DNA], which may
Correspond in size of the Key Brain Regions. There in Brain, The region called
Hippocampus helps us in storing the memories and also helps us in learning.
Another, important part of our brain called Caudate Nucleus Make us able to
drive the car, ride the bike cycle, play with something etc and another part of
our Beautiful brain called Putamen helps in walking, running and also in the
motivation and moving of our body. But these scientists has not tried for to
examine and study about the Neocortex, which is an important part of our brain
that helps us in thinking. There are different parts in our brain having
different special functions in a man. This scientists have discovered approximately
8 letter differences that can shrink the brain tissues by 1.5% approximately,
which is depending on letter inherited.
The interesting to know is that the Gene Called KTN1, is the
only that helps the cells of the brain where to go in the Putamen and also they
have reported that 2 additional variants in it is linked with the Genes that
may cause the immune system cancer in our brain and the other 5 parts of Genes
are doing other different and very important tasks in our brain. Thus these
eight Genes play a vital role in our brain.
These 8 Genes are also very active and plays a vital role in
the disorder of the Neuropsychiatric. Like the Autism etc and also they have
declared that our team called ENIGNA is moving forward for more research and it
causes any disorder then it will not help in the clinic and they also said that
while treating the patients, you should not go to the inside of his/her brain
but what signs and symptoms, the patients is showing. And he must know among the
relation b/w the Genes and their basic structure. And this relation extremely
helps us and will prove very useful for us in the clinic.
|
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Lipids & its classification
 |
LipidsFatty acids
The bio – organic compounds containing
carboxyl group and long chains of hydrocarbons are called fatty acids. As fatty
acids are bio organic compounds so when these fatty acids are combine together
they form lipids. Such as Hexadecanoic acids ( C15H31COOH) and
steric acids or octadecanoic acids ( C17H35COOH) etc.
What are the Lipids? And how they are classified?
Ans: The lipids are the long chained esters of fatty
acids and glycerol ( Glycerine ). Thus it is defined as The large bio – organic molecules ( macromolecules ) containing fatty
acids which
is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents are called lipids such as natural oils, fats, waxes, steroids and terpenes etc.
Fats
Fats are triesters formed by glycerol
and long chain of carboxylic acids. Its general formula is as shown.
Uses of fats
The uses
as follow;
Fats are
most important
Part of
the human diet
Because
they provide a
lot of
energy.
Sources of fats
The
margarine (plant),
Butter,
cream fish and coconuts are the main sources of fats.
Oils
oils are fats containing unsaturated
alkyl groups that are R1, R2 and R3. Oils are liquid at normal
Temperature
and are found in plants products.
Steroids
The bio – organic compounds which consist of
four condensed rings structure where three rings have 6 carbons atoms and the
last one has 5 carbon atoms are called steroids. Such as cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone
etc.
Uses of steroids
the following uses are
Steroids
play an important role in our bodies especially in the form of harmones. Such
as testosterone and progesterone which are male and female sex harmones are
steroids in nature.
Bile
juice in lever which plays a vital role in digestion of food and contains some
steroidal compounds.
Waxes
waxes are usually found in nature as
coating on leaves and stems in order to prevent the loss of excessive amounts
of water from plants. Such as Corunda wax is found on the leaves of Brazilian
palm tree and is used in floor and automobiles waxes.
Functions of waxes
Waxes have a variety of functions including lubrication, protection, structure
and energy storage. Uses: Many
of waxes are used in ointments, hand creams and cosmetics etc.
Sources of lipids
Lipid are obtained from both the plants and
animals. From pants lipids are obtained in the form of oils. Such as the
vegetables oils are present in seeds and nuts etc. And form animals lipids are
obtained in the form of fats like butter and ghee which is obtained from milk.
Uses of lipids
The following uses are as follow
|
You May also know
25 January 2015
Scientists Can slow the Speed of light
 |
| Scientists Can slow the Speed of light
Very recently the BBC has reported that the Scientists can slow the speed of light by changing the shape of the Photons. And the Scottish Scientists Team has made theirself to change the speed of the light that is to slow the speed of light. Thus The comprehensive detail news about this topics is discussed below.
 Watch the video
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